(1) Mars-Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk Street, Chicago, IL 60642, United States
(2) Human Appetite Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
(3) Cerebrus Associates Limited, The White House, 2 Meadrow, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 3HN, United Kingdom
(4) Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
(5) Biotechnology Research and Training Centre, University of North Carolina – Pembroke, United States
(6) The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, Laan van Nieuw Oost-Indië 334, 2593 CE The Hague, The Netherlands
(7) International Life Sciences Institute, Europe (ILSI Europe), Av E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
(8) University of Catania, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Biological Tower – Via Santa Sofia, 97, Catania, Italy
(9)i University of Uppsala, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, Klinisk nutrition och metabolism, Uppsala Science Park, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
(10)j Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, 386 Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
(11) Lucozade Ribena Suntory Ltd., Uxbridge, United Kingdom
(12) Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
(13) Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
(14) Department of Biomedical Research and VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Gebouw V, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
(15) INRA, Human Nutrition Unit, UCA, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France
(16) Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
(17) DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
(18) Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, PO Box 80141, 3508TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
(19) Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Gävlegatan 16, SE-113 30 Stockholm, Sweden
(20) Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
(21) Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute,125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London,United Kingdom
(22) PPES, Department Biomedical Sciences, University Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
(23) University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
(24) Department of Geriatric Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Gerontopole, Toulouse, France
(25) Wesnes Cognition Limited, Little Paddock, Streatley on Thames, RG8 9RD, United Kingdom
(26) Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
(27) Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
(28) Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
(29) Medicinal Plant Research Group, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
(30) School of Psychology, University of Dundee Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
(7) London School of Economics and Political Science, Personal Social Services Research Unit, London, United Kingdom


This review aims to summarise the current state of knowledge of vulnerabilities that predispose towards dysfunctional brain ageing, highlight potential protective mechanisms, and discuss dietary interventions that may be used as therapies. A special focus of this paper is on the impact of nutrition on neuroprotection and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and this focus reflects the discussions held during the 2nd workshop ‘Nutrition for the Ageing Brain: Functional Aspects and Mechanisms’ in Copenhagen in June 2016. The presentreview is the most recent in a series produced by the Nutrition and Mental Performance Task Force under the auspice of the International Life Sciences Institute Europe (ILSI Europe).

Discussed in Section 3.3. entitled Oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondria, is the fact that LXA4 as an endogenously produced eicosanoid, which blocks the generations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and toxic compounds including reactive oxygen species (ROS), promotes resolution of inflammation, and acts as an endogenous “breaking signal” in the inflammatory process. Additionally, recent evidence linking the restoration of redox homeostasis by nutritional mushrooms (e.g. Coriolus versicolor, Hericium erinaceus), suggests potential neuroprotective strategies in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disease aimed at inducing the vitagene defence system mechanism (Trovato et al.,2016).